Anaphylaxis: An allergy that can cause shortness of breath that must be treated immediately. Don't wait for it to subside on its own.

Oleh: dr. Syahrizal, Sp.PD, Subsp.A.I (K)

Allergic reactions are often considered trivial, just an itch or rash that goes away on its own. However, in certain circumstances, allergies can progress very quickly and become life-threatening. This condition is called anaphylaxis. If not treated promptly, anaphylaxis can cause severe shortness of breath, a drastic drop in blood pressure, and even loss of consciousness.

What is anaphylaxis?

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that occurs quickly and can affect many parts of the body simultaneously, such as the skin, respiratory system, digestive system, and circulation.

Symptoms of anaphylaxis

Symptoms usually appear quickly, within minutes to an hour after exposure to the allergen or trigger.

Early Symptoms

• Itching and red rash
• Swelling of the face, lips and eyelids
• Hot feeling on the skin

Severe Symptoms

• Shortness of breath or wheezing
• Throat feels tight or choked
• Sudden dizziness or weakness
• Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
• Rapid heart rate
• Decreased blood pressure
• Loss of consciousness

If symptoms of shortness of breath or loss of consciousness appear, this is a medical emergency.

Causes of Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis occurs when the immune system overreacts to certain substances that are generally harmless to most people. These triggers are called allergens. Some of the main causes of anaphylaxis are foods, medications, and insect stings.

Each person can have different triggers. Even small exposures can cause severe reactions in sensitive individuals.

Why is Anaphylaxis So Dangerous?

In anaphylaxis, the airways can suddenly narrow and blood pressure drops drastically. This combination prevents oxygen from being circulated properly throughout the body. Without immediate attention, respiratory and cardiac arrest can occur. This is the main reason why symptoms should not be allowed to subside on their own.

What Should You Do When Anaphylaxis Occurs?

Emergency treatment steps include:

• Seek immediate medical attention: Take the patient to the emergency room or call emergency services immediately.
• Use an adrenaline injection: This is the primary medication for stopping an anaphylactic reaction.
• Position the patient lying down: With the legs slightly elevated, unless breathing is difficult.
• Monitor breathing and consciousness: If the patient is unconscious and not breathing, perform rescue breathing or cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if possible.

Prompt treatment within the first 5–15 minutes is crucial for patient safety.

Can Anaphylaxis Be Prevented?

It can be prevented with the following steps:

• Identify and avoid allergy triggers.
• Always inform your healthcare provider of any allergy history.
• Read food and medication labels carefully.
• Consult an allergy consultation to identify your exact triggers.

When Should You Go to the Emergency Room?

Go to the emergency room immediately if you experience:

• Shortness of breath after exposure to an allergen
• Swelling of the face or throat
• Severe dizziness or fainting
• A rash accompanied by respiratory symptoms

It's better to act sooner rather than later.

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can progress rapidly and become life-threatening. Symptoms should not be taken lightly, especially if accompanied by shortness of breath or loss of consciousness. Immediate treatment is key to survival. Remember, don't wait for it to subside on its own. Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency.

FAQ

Is anaphylaxis the same as a common allergy?
Not always. Allergies can be mild, while anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening reaction that occurs quickly.

What are the most dangerous signs?
The most dangerous signs are low blood pressure, difficulty breathing, and loss of consciousness.

If you have experienced anaphylaxis, what should you do?
Patients are referred to a specialist to assess the cause and receive education on prevention and self-management.

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